GPI-1046 is a immunophilin ligand without antibiotic action and attenuates ethanol intake in part through the upregulation of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) in PFC and NAc-core. GPI-1046 is an analog of FK506, which is an immunophilin ligand that has been shown neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative disease models. GPI-1046 readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and promotes the regeneration of dopamine (DA) cells in the CNS in association with functional recovery in rodent models. GPI-1046 improves HIV-associated injury of peripheral nerves.